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Enzymatic mineralization of gellan gum hydrogel for bone tissue‐engineering applications and its enhancement by polydopamine
Author(s) -
Douglas TEL,
Wlodarczyk M,
Pamula E,
Declercq HA,
Mulder ELW,
Bucko MM,
Balcaen L,
Vanhaecke F,
Cornelissen R,
Dubruel P,
Jansen JA,
Leeuwenburgh SCG
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.835
H-Index - 72
eISSN - 1932-7005
pISSN - 1932-6254
DOI - 10.1002/term.1616
Subject(s) - gellan gum , self healing hydrogels , mineralization (soil science) , alkaline phosphatase , chemistry , calcium , von kossa stain , chemical engineering , phosphate , biomedical engineering , nuclear chemistry , enzyme , biochemistry , polymer chemistry , organic chemistry , medicine , food science , nitrogen , engineering
Interest is growing in the use of hydrogels as bone tissue‐engineering (TE) scaffolds due to advantages such as injectability and ease of incorporation of active substances such as enzymes. Hydrogels consisting of gellan gum (GG), an inexpensive calcium‐crosslinkable polysaccharide, have been applied in cartilage TE. To improve GG suitability as a material for bone TE, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme involved in mineralization of bone by cleaving phosphate from organic phosphate, was incorporated into GG hydrogels to induce mineralization with calcium phosphate (CaP). Incorporated ALP induced formation of apatite‐like material on the submicron scale within GG gels, as shown by FTIR, SEM, EDS, XRD, ICP‐OES, TGA and von Kossa staining. Increasing ALP concentration increased amounts of CaP as well as stiffness. Mineralized GG was able to withstand sterilization by autoclaving, although stiffness decreased. In addition, mineralizability and stiffness of GG was enhanced by the incorporation of polydopamine (PDA). Furthermore, mineralization of GG led to enhanced attachment and vitality of cells in vitro while cytocompatibility of the mineralized gels was comparable to one of the most commonly used bone substitute materials. The results proved that ALP‐mediated enzymatic mineralization of GG could be enhanced by functionalization with PDA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.