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Psychosis pathways converge via D2 High dopamine receptors
Author(s) -
Seeman Philip,
Schwarz Johannes,
Chen JiangFan,
Szechtman Henry,
Perreault Melissa,
McKnight G. Stanley,
Roder John C.,
Quirion Rémi,
Boksa Patricia,
Srivastava Lalit K.,
Yanai Kazuhiko,
Weinshenker David,
Sumiyoshi Tomiki
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
synapse
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.809
H-Index - 106
eISSN - 1098-2396
pISSN - 0887-4476
DOI - 10.1002/syn.20303
Subject(s) - dopamine receptor d1 , dopamine receptor d2 , dopamine , medicine , endocrinology , pharmacology , dopamine receptor d3 , dopamine receptor , histamine h3 receptor , chemistry , phencyclidine , receptor , agonist , nmda receptor
The objective of this review is to identify a target or biomarker of altered neurochemical sensitivity that is common to the many animal models of human psychoses associated with street drugs, brain injury, steroid use, birth injury, and gene alterations. Psychosis in humans can be caused by amphetamine, phencyclidine, steroids, ethanol, and brain lesions such as hippocampal, cortical, and entorhinal lesions. Strikingly, all of these drugs and lesions in rats lead to dopamine supersensitivity and increase the high‐affinity states of dopamine D2 receptors, or D2 High , by 200–400% in striata. Similar supersensitivity and D2 High elevations occur in rats born by Caesarian section and in rats treated with corticosterone or antipsychotics such as reserpine, risperidone, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, and clozapine, with the latter two inducing elevated D2 High states less than that caused by haloperidol or olanzapine. Mice born with gene knockouts of some possible schizophrenia susceptibility genes are dopamine supersensitive, and their striata reveal markedly elevated D2 High states; suchgenes include dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase, dopamine D4 receptors, G protein receptor kinase 6, tyrosine hydroxylase, catechol‐ O ‐methyltransferase, the trace amine‐1 receptor, regulator of G protein signaling RGS9, and the RIIβ form of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA). Striata from mice that are not dopamine supersensitive did not reveal elevated D2 High states; these include mice with knockouts of adenosine A 2A receptors, glycogen synthase kinase GSK3β, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, dopamine D1 or D3 receptors, histamine H1, H2, or H3 receptors, and rats treated with ketanserin or aD1 antagonist. The evidence suggests that there are multiple pathways that convergetoelevate the D2 High state in brain regions and that this elevation may elicit psychosis. This proposition is supported by the dopamine supersensitivity that is a common feature of schizophrenia and that also occurs in many types of genetically altered, drug‐altered, and lesion‐altered animals. Dopamine supersensitivity, in turn, correlates with D2 High states. The finding that all antipsychotics, traditional and recent ones, act on D2 High dopamine receptors further supports the proposition. Synapse 60: 319–346, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.