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Obstetric ultrasound in tetralogy of Fallot
Author(s) -
Reeves Christopher
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
sonography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2054-6750
pISSN - 2202-8323
DOI - 10.1002/sono.12175
Subject(s) - tetralogy of fallot , medicine , pulmonary atresia , ultrasound , prenatal diagnosis , cardiology , fetal echocardiography , prenatal ultrasound , stenosis , radiology , intracardiac injection , fetus , pregnancy , heart disease , genetics , biology
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect (CHD) found in 1 of 3600 live births and represents 3.5% to 7% of all CHD's in infants. TOF is characterised by a ventricular septal defect (VSD), overriding aorta astride of the VSD and pulmonary stenosis or atresia with or without right ventricular hypertrophy. It is well documented that prenatal diagnosis of TOF improves neonatal outcomes; however, ultrasound successfully detects it in only 30% to 60% of cases. Lack of skill and expertise by sonographers has been cited as a contributing factor to the relatively poor prenatal detection rates of TOF. This literature review was performed to provide a comprehensive resource for sonographers with the aim of improving awareness and understanding of the prenatal diagnosis of TOF with obstetric ultrasound. Emphasis has been placed on imaging protocols, sonographic appearances of TOF, and technological and best practice advancements in fetal cardiac ultrasound.