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On the Paramount Role of Absorber Stoichiometry in (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 Wide‐Gap Solar Cells
Author(s) -
Keller Jan,
Stolt Lars,
Sopiha Kostiantyn V.,
Larsen Jes K.,
Riekehr Lars,
Edoff Marika
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
solar rrl
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.544
H-Index - 37
ISSN - 2367-198X
DOI - 10.1002/solr.202000508
Subject(s) - stoichiometry , band gap , solar cell , tandem , materials science , vacancy defect , optoelectronics , hysteresis , charge carrier , lattice (music) , chemical physics , analytical chemistry (journal) , condensed matter physics , chemistry , crystallography , physics , organic chemistry , chromatography , acoustics , composite material
This contribution evaluates the effect of absorber off‐stoichiometry in wide‐gap (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 (ACIGS) solar cells. It is found that ACIGS films show an increased tendency to form ordered vacancy compounds (OVCs) with increasing Ga and Ag contents. Very little tolerance to off‐stoichiometry is detected for absorber compositions giving the desired properties of 1) an optimum bandgap ( E G ) for a top cell in tandem devices ( E G = 1.6–1.7 eV) and at the same time 2) a favorable band alignment with a CdS buffer layer. Herein, massive formation of either In‐ or Ga‐enriched OVC patches is found for group I‐poor ACIGS. As a consequence, carrier transport and charge collection are significantly impeded in corresponding solar cells. The transport barrier appears to be increasing with storage time, questioning the long‐term stability of wide‐gap ACIGS solar cells. Furthermore, the efficiency of samples with very high Ga and Ag contents depends on the voltage sweep direction. It is proposed that the hysteresis behavior is caused by a redistribution of mobile Na ions in the 1:1:2 absorber lattice upon voltage bias. Finally, a broader perspective on OVC formation in the ACIGS system is provided and fundamental limitations for wide‐gap ACIGS solar cells are discussed.