Premium
Six‐Degree‐of‐Freedom Steerable Visible‐Light‐Driven Microsubmarines Using Water as a Fuel: Application for Explosives Decontamination
Author(s) -
Ying Yulong,
Plutnar Jan,
Pumera Martin
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
small
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.785
H-Index - 236
eISSN - 1613-6829
pISSN - 1613-6810
DOI - 10.1002/smll.202100294
Subject(s) - photocatalysis , materials science , visible spectrum , explosive material , nanotechnology , irradiation , degradation (telecommunications) , coating , optoelectronics , chemical engineering , chemistry , computer science , physics , telecommunications , biochemistry , organic chemistry , nuclear physics , catalysis , engineering
Micro/nanomotors are capable of a wide variety of tasks related, i.e., to biomedical or environmental applications. Light‐driven semiconductor‐based micromotors are especially appealing, as they can split surrounding water via light irradiation, and therefore, they can move infinitely. However, their motion is typically limited to in‐plane motion with four degrees of freedom (4DoF) or even pseudo‐1D motion with 2DoF. Herein, magnetically steerable tubular TiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4 /CdS micromotors, termed microsubmarines, with 6DoF motion, based on a fuel‐free design where surrounding water acts as fuel upon visible light irradiation, are presented, with an average velocity of 7.9 µ m s −1 . Besides, the generation of radicals via such water splitting aids the photocatalytic chemicals degradation with the potential to use solar radiation. A light‐induced self‐electrophoretic mechanism is responsible for the self‐propulsion and can be used to predict the motion direction based on the structure and composition. Finally, the TiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4 /CdS microsubmarines are tested in a proof‐of‐concept application of high‐energy explosive, e.g., picric acid, photocatalytic degradation, with the best performance owing to the versatility of 6DoF motion, the surface coating with amorphous TiO 2 layer, and UV light. The results can help optimize light‐active micromotor design for potential national security and environmental application, hydrogen evolution, and target cargo delivery.