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In Vitro Three‐Dimensional Liver Models for Nanomaterial DNA Damage Assessment
Author(s) -
Llewellyn Samantha V.,
Niemeijer Marije,
Nymark Penny,
Moné Martijn J.,
Water Bob,
Conway Gillian E.,
Jenkins Gareth J. S.,
Doak Shareen H.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
small
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.785
H-Index - 236
eISSN - 1613-6829
pISSN - 1613-6810
DOI - 10.1002/smll.202006055
Subject(s) - genotoxicity , dna damage , dna repair , computational biology , in vitro , liver injury , biology , dna , bioinformatics , medicine , pharmacology , toxicity , genetics
Whilst the liver possesses the ability to repair and restore sections of damaged tissue following acute injury, prolonged exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) may induce repetitive injury leading to chronic liver disease. Screening ENM cytotoxicity using 3D liver models has recently been performed, but a significant challenge has been the application of such in vitro models for evaluating ENM associated genotoxicity; a vital component of regulatory human health risk assessment. This review considers the benefits, limitations, and adaptations of specific in vitro approaches to assess DNA damage in the liver, whilst identifying critical advancements required to support a multitude of biochemical endpoints, focusing on nano(geno)toxicology (e.g., secondary genotoxicity, DNA damage, and repair following prolonged or repeated exposures).