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Thrombolytic Agents: Nanocarriers in Controlled Release
Author(s) -
Hassanpour Soodabeh,
Kim HanJun,
Saadati Arezoo,
Tebon Peyton,
Xue Chengbin,
Dolder Floor W.,
Thakor Jai,
Baradaran Behzad,
Mosafer Jafar,
Baghbanzadeh Amir,
Barros Natan Roberto,
Hashemzaei Mahmoud,
Lee Kang Ju,
Lee Junmin,
Zhang Shiming,
Sun Wujin,
Cho HyunJong,
Ahadian Samad,
Ashammakhi Nureddin,
Dokmeci Mehmet R.,
Mokhtarzadeh Ahad,
Khademhosseini Ali
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
small
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.785
H-Index - 236
eISSN - 1613-6829
pISSN - 1613-6810
DOI - 10.1002/smll.202001647
Subject(s) - nanocarriers , plasmin , fibrin , thrombosis , coagulation , thrombolytic drug , medicine , pharmacology , myocardial infarction , drug , chemistry , surgery , thrombolysis , enzyme , immunology , biochemistry
Thrombosis is a life‐threatening pathological condition in which blood clots form in blood vessels, obstructing or interfering with blood flow. Thrombolytic agents (TAs) are enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve blood clots. The plasmin formed by TAs breaks down fibrin clots into soluble fibrin that finally dissolves thrombi. Several TAs have been developed to treat various thromboembolic diseases, such as pulmonary embolisms, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and extensive coronary emboli. However, systemic TA administration can trigger non‐specific activation that can increase the incidence of bleeding. Moreover, protein‐based TAs are rapidly inactivated upon injection resulting in the need for large doses. To overcome these limitations, various types of nanocarriers have been introduced that enhance the pharmacokinetic effects by protecting the TA from the biological environment and targeting the release into coagulation. The nanocarriers show increasing half‐life, reducing side effects, and improving overall TA efficacy. In this work, the recent advances in various types of TAs and nanocarriers are thoroughly reviewed. Various types of nanocarriers, including lipid‐based, polymer‐based, and metal‐based nanoparticles are described, for the targeted delivery of TAs. This work also provides insights into issues related to the future of TA development and successful clinical translation.