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Multifunctional Gadolinium‐Doped Mesoporous TiO 2 Nanobeads: Photoluminescence, Enhanced Spin Relaxation, and Reactive Oxygen Species Photogeneration, Beneficial for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Author(s) -
Imani Roghayeh,
Dillert Ralf,
Bahnemann Detlef W.,
Pazoki Meysam,
Apih Tomaž,
Konko Veno,
Repar Neža,
KraljIglič Veronika,
Boschloo Gerrit,
Drobne Damjana,
Edvinsson Tomas,
Iglič Aleš
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
small
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.785
H-Index - 236
eISSN - 1613-6829
pISSN - 1613-6810
DOI - 10.1002/smll.201700349
Subject(s) - materials science , photoluminescence , mesoporous material , anatase , biocompatibility , doping , gadolinium , reactive oxygen species , nanotechnology , photochemistry , optoelectronics , photocatalysis , chemistry , catalysis , biochemistry , metallurgy
Materials with controllable multifunctional abilities for optical imaging (OI) and magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) that also can be used in photodynamic therapy are very interesting for future applications. Mesoporous TiO 2 sub‐micrometer particles are doped with gadolinium to improve photoluminescence functionality and spin relaxation for MRI, with the added benefit of enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The Gd‐doped TiO 2 exhibits red emission at 637 nm that is beneficial for OI and significantly improves MRI relaxation times, with a beneficial decrease in spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times. Density functional theory calculations show that Gd 3+ ions introduce impurity energy levels inside the bandgap of anatase TiO 2 , and also create dipoles that are beneficial for charge separation and decreased electron–hole recombination in the doped lattice. The Gd‐doped TiO 2 nanobeads (NBs) show enhanced ability for ROS monitored via • OH radical photogeneration, in comparison with undoped TiO 2 nanobeads and TiO 2 P25, for Gd‐doping up to 10%. Cellular internalization and biocompatibility of TiO 2 @ x Gd NBs are tested in vitro on MG‐63 human osteosarcoma cells, showing full biocompatibility. After photoactivation of the particles, anticancer trace by means of ROS photogeneration is observed just after 3 min irradiation.