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Surface Coating‐Dependent Cytotoxicity and Degradation of Graphene Derivatives: Towards the Design of Non‐Toxic, Degradable Nano‐Graphene
Author(s) -
Li Yingjie,
Feng Liangzhu,
Shi Xiaoze,
Wang Xiaojing,
Yang Yinlong,
Yang Kai,
Liu Teng,
Yang Guangbao,
Liu Zhuang
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
small
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.785
H-Index - 236
eISSN - 1613-6829
pISSN - 1613-6810
DOI - 10.1002/smll.201303234
Subject(s) - graphene , polyethylene glycol , peg ratio , horseradish peroxidase , materials science , bovine serum albumin , nanomaterials , nanotechnology , coating , cytotoxicity , surface modification , chemistry , chemical engineering , organic chemistry , biochemistry , enzyme , in vitro , finance , engineering , economics
With the increasing interests of using graphene and its derivatives in the area of biomedicine, the systematic evaluation of their potential risks and impacts to biological systems is becoming critically important. In this work, we carefully study how surface coatings affect the cytotoxicity and extracellular biodegradation behaviors of graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives. Although naked GO could induce significant toxicity to macrophages, coating those two‐dimensional nanomaterials with biocompatible macromolecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) could greatly attenuate their toxicity, as independently evidenced by several different assay approaches. On the other hand, although GO can be gradually degraded through enzyme induced oxidization by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), both PEG and BSA coated GO or reduced GO (RGO) are rather resistant to HRP‐induced biodegradation. In order to obtain biocompatible functionalized GO that can still undergo enzymatic degradation, we conjugate PEG to GO via a cleavable disulfide bond, obtaining GO‐SS‐PEG with negligible toxicity and considerable degradability, promising for further biomedical applications.