Using association models to analyse agreement data: Two examples

Two examples demonstrate how one can use association models to analyse agreement data. The first example concerns intra‐rater variability in the classification of sputum cytology slides, and the second deals with variability associated with the reporting of passive smoking histories. The paper emphasizes models in which one estimates category scores from the data, that is models that are not in the log‐linear family of models. Such models have use in assessment of category distinguishability and provide insights not easily obtained with log‐linear models.