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Surface analysis of bacterial systems using cryo‐X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Author(s) -
Hagberg Aleksandra,
Rzhepishevska Olena,
Semenets Anastasiia,
Cisneros David A.,
Ramstedt Madeleine
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
surface and interface analysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.52
H-Index - 90
eISSN - 1096-9918
pISSN - 0142-2421
DOI - 10.1002/sia.6854
Subject(s) - x ray photoelectron spectroscopy , liquid nitrogen , chemistry , analytical chemistry (journal) , sample preparation , nitrogen , biofilm , bacterial growth , chemical engineering , chromatography , bacteria , organic chemistry , biology , engineering , genetics
Surface analysis of biological systems using XPS often requires dehydration of the sample for it to be compatible with the ultrahigh vacuum of the spectrometer. However, if samples are frozen to liquid‐nitrogen temperature prior to and during analysis, water can be retained in the sample and the organization of the sample surface should be preserved to a higher degree than in desiccated samples. This article presents recent developments of cryo‐X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (cryo‐XPS) for analyses of hydrated biological samples at liquid nitrogen temperature. We describe experiments on bacterial cells, bacterial biofilms, and bacterial outer membrane vesicles using a variety of bacterial species. Differences and similarities in surface chemistry are monitored depending on growth in liquid culture, on culture plates, as well as in biofilms, and are discussed. Two data treatment methods providing decomposition of the C 1s spectra into lipid, polysaccharide, and peptide/peptidoglycan content are used and compared.