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Response of migrating chinook salmon ( ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA ) smolts to in‐stream structure associated with culverts
Author(s) -
Kemp Paul S.,
Williams John G.
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
river research and applications
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.679
H-Index - 94
eISSN - 1535-1467
pISSN - 1535-1459
DOI - 10.1002/rra.1140
Subject(s) - culvert , flume , chinook wind , oncorhynchus , channel (broadcasting) , environmental science , upstream and downstream (dna) , hydrology (agriculture) , upstream (networking) , fish <actinopterygii> , fishery , flow (mathematics) , geology , biology , geotechnical engineering , physics , mechanics , engineering , telecommunications , electrical engineering
Poorly designed culverts can impede upstream movements of fish under high flows when excessive water velocities create adverse conditions. Improvement in upstream fish passage efficiency may occur with placement of structures within culverts that increase hydraulic complexity and provide resting areas. The effects of structural modification on downstream migrants, however, are unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, the behaviour of Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) smolts was assessed in an experimental laboratory flume. Under light and dark conditions, fish were observed as they encountered either an unmodified aluminium channel (control) or one of two treatments: an ‘intermediate’ substrate (treatment channel lined with corrugated sheet) or a ‘complex’ substrate (addition of cobbles to the ‘intermediate’ treatment). More smolts passed the control channel than the treatment channels. Even with control of the variation in flow between channels, under light conditions more fish than expected passed the control channel when paired with the complex treatment. Smolts more frequently rejected both treatments than the control channel when light, and the complex treatment when dark, by swimming upstream against the flow after entry. The majority of fish moved through the flume facing downstream, although a greater proportion faced upstream when dark than when light, and entered the control channel. Velocity of downstream movement (ground velocity) was greater through the control channel than for the treatment routes, and slower than the mean water velocity, and under the dark condition. When mean water velocities were taken into account, the net velocity through the control channel was not significantly different to the intermediate, and lower than the complex channel. Juvenile Chinook salmon determined fine‐scale variation in structural complexity and exhibited avoidance behaviour in the presence and absence of visual stimuli. Hydraulic stimuli influenced route selection exhibited by migratory juvenile salmonids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.