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The history of antiretrovirals: key discoveries over the past 25 years
Author(s) -
De Clercq Erik
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
reviews in medical virology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.06
H-Index - 90
eISSN - 1099-1654
pISSN - 1052-9276
DOI - 10.1002/rmv.624
Subject(s) - lamivudine , efavirenz , nevirapine , etravirine , virology , saquinavir , pharmacology , abacavir , emtricitabine , indinavir , ritonavir , darunavir , zidovudine , raltegravir , didanosine , medicine , viral load , hepatitis b virus , virus , antiretroviral therapy , viral disease
Within 25 years after zidovudine (3′‐azido‐2′,3′‐dideoxythymidine, AZT) was first described as an inhibitor of HIV replication, 25 anti‐HIV drugs have been formally approved for clinical use in the treatment of HIV infections: seven nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir and emtricitabine; one nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI): tenofovir [in its oral prodrug form: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)]; four non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz and etravirine; ten protease inhibitors (PIs): saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir and darunavir; one fusion inhibitor (FI): enfuvirtide; one co‐receptor inhibitor (CRI): maraviroc and one integrase inhibitor (INI): raltegravir. These compounds are used in various drug combination (some at fixed dose) regimens so as to achieve the highest possible benefit and tolerability, and to diminish the risk of virus‐drug resistance development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.