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A virtual training system for maxillofacial surgery using advanced haptic feedback and immersive workbench
Author(s) -
Wu Fule,
Chen Xiaojun,
Lin Yanping,
Wang Chengtao,
Wang Xudong,
Shen Guofang,
Qin Jing,
Heng PhengAnn
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
the international journal of medical robotics and computer assisted surgery
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.556
H-Index - 53
eISSN - 1478-596X
pISSN - 1478-5951
DOI - 10.1002/rcs.1514
Subject(s) - workbench , haptic technology , computer science , virtual reality , collision detection , virtual machine , virtual training , simulation , artificial intelligence , computer graphics (images) , human–computer interaction , visualization , collision , computer security , operating system
Abstract Background VR‐based surgery simulation provides a cost‐effective and efficient method to train novices. In this study, a virtual training system for maxillofacial surgery (VR‐MFS), which aims mainly at the simulation of operations on mandible and maxilla, was developed and demonstrated. Methods The virtual models of the anatomic structures were reconstructed from CT data, and the virtual instruments were built from laser scanning data using reverse engineering technology. For collision detection, axis aligned bounding boxes (AABBs) were constructed for the anatomic models. Then, the simulation algorithms were developed, and the haptic force feedback was consequently calculated based on regression equations. Finally, the vivid 3D stereo effect was implemented with the use of an immersive workbench. Results A virtual training system for maxillofacial surgery was developed; in particular, the application for Le‐Fort I osteotomy was implemented. The tactile, visual and aural effects were highly integrated, making the virtual surgical environment vivid and realistic. Conclusions The VR‐MFS provides an effective approach in terms of helping novices to become familiar with maxillofacial surgery procedures. The same method can also be applied to other bone simulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.