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Laser ablation synthesis of carbon–phosphides from graphene/nanodiamond–phosphorus composite precursors: Laser desorption ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Author(s) -
Mandal Govinda,
Vaňhara Petr,
Havel Josef
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
rapid communications in mass spectrometry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.528
H-Index - 136
eISSN - 1097-0231
pISSN - 0951-4198
DOI - 10.1002/rcm.8379
Subject(s) - chemistry , phosphorene , graphene , carbon fibers , laser ablation , analytical chemistry (journal) , nanodiamond , phosphide , mass spectrometry , desorption , nanotechnology , laser , adsorption , materials science , diamond , composite number , optics , organic chemistry , catalysis , composite material , physics , chromatography
Rationale Carbon–phosphides are new and promising strategic materials with applications e.g. in optoelectronics. However, their chemistry and methods of synthesis are not completely understood, and only a limited number of C–P clusters have been detected up to now. Laser ablation synthesis (LAS) or laser desorption ionisation (LDI) has great potential to generate C m P n clusters in the gas phase and to act as the basis for the development of new technology. Methods The LAS of carbon phosphides using mixtures of nano‐carbon sources (graphene, nanodiamonds) with phosphorus allotropes (red, black, and phosphorene) was examined. Since phosphorene is not commercially available, it was synthesised. A reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer was used to produce and identify the C–P clusters. A transmission electron microscope was used to characterise the prepared composites. Results LDI of various carbon–phosphorus composites generated a range of carbon–phosphides. From graphene–red phosphorus, C m P + ( m = 3–47), C m P 2 + ( m = 2–44), C m P 3 + ( m = 1–42), C m P 4 + ( m = 1–39), C m P 5 + ( m = 1–37), C m P 6 + ( m = 1–34), C m P 7 + ( m = 1–31), C m P 8 + ( m = 1–29), C m P 9 + ( m = 1–26), C m P 10 + ( m = 1–24), C m P 11 + ( m = 1–21), and C m P 12 + ( m = 1–19) clusters were detected, while nanodiamond composites with red/black phosphorus and with phosphorene yielded C 24 P 5 + 2 n + ( n = 0–28), C 24 P 5 + 2 n + ( n = 0–16), and C 24 P 5 + 2 n + ( n = 0–14) clusters, respectively. In total, over 300 new carbon–phosphide clusters were generated. Conclusions The novel series of carbon–phosphide clusters generated from graphene or nanodiamond composites with red/black phosphorus or with phosphorene demonstrated rich carbon–phosphide chemistry that might inspire the development of novel nano‐materials with specific properties.