Premium
Investigation of diltiazem metabolism in fish using a hybrid quadrupole/orbital trap mass spectrometer
Author(s) -
Koba Olga,
Steinbach Christoph,
Kroupová Hana Kocour,
Grabicová Kateřina,
Randák Tomáš,
Grabic Roman
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
rapid communications in mass spectrometry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.528
H-Index - 136
eISSN - 1097-0231
pISSN - 0951-4198
DOI - 10.1002/rcm.7543
Subject(s) - diltiazem , chemistry , metabolite , mass spectrometry , quadrupole ion trap , chromatography , biotransformation , triple quadrupole mass spectrometer , ion trap , rainbow trout , biochemistry , selected reaction monitoring , fish <actinopterygii> , tandem mass spectrometry , calcium , fishery , organic chemistry , enzyme , biology
Rationale Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker drug, is widespread in the environment because of its incomplete elimination during water treatment. It can cause negative effects on aquatic organisms; thus, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method to detect its presence was developed. Our approach is based on accurate mass measurements using a hybrid quadrupole‐orbital trap mass spectrometer that was used to measure diltiazem and its metabolites in fish tissue. Methods Blood plasma, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), exposed for 42 days to 30 μg L –1 diltiazem, were used for the method development. No metabolite standards were required to identify the diltiazem biotransformation products in the fish tissue. Results Overall, 17 phase I diltiazem metabolites (including isomeric forms) were detected and tentatively identified using the MassFrontier spectral interpretation software. A semi‐quantitative approach was used for organ‐dependent comparison of the metabolite concentrations. Conclusions These data increase our understanding about diltiazem and its metabolites in aquatic organisms, such as fish. These encompass desmethylation, desacetylation and hydroxylation as well as their combinations. This study represents the first report of the complex diltiazem phase I metabolic pathways in fish. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.