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Impact of the Pacific Meridional Mode on landfalling tropical cyclone frequency in China
Author(s) -
Gao Si,
Zhu Langfeng,
Zhang Wei,
Shen Xinyong
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
quarterly journal of the royal meteorological society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.744
H-Index - 143
eISSN - 1477-870X
pISSN - 0035-9009
DOI - 10.1002/qj.3799
Subject(s) - climatology , rossby wave , tropical cyclone , anticyclone , zonal and meridional , wind shear , geology , walker circulation , cyclone (programming language) , landfall , vorticity , circulation (fluid dynamics) , environmental science , zonal flow (plasma) , typhoon , mode (computer interface) , atmospheric sciences , sea surface temperature , oceanography , geography , meteorology , vortex , wind speed , physics , plasma , field programmable gate array , quantum mechanics , computer science , computer hardware , tokamak , thermodynamics , operating system
This study identifies a significant positive correlation between the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) index and frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) landfalling in China during peak TC season (June–November) of the period 1977–2018. This interannual association is independent of two types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Large‐scale circulation over the western North Pacific (WNP) modulated by PMM can affect TC genesis location/frequency and steering flow that directly determine TC landfalls in China. During the positive PMM phase, anomalous off‐equatorial heating over the eastern North Pacific can induce anomalous low‐level cyclonic circulation and upper‐level anticyclonic circulation over most of the main development region in the WNP, as a Gill‐type Rossby wave response. The resultant larger low‐level relative vorticity and weaker vertical wind shear are conducive to the formation of more TCs over the main development region. The anomalous easterly steering flow in the north flank of the anomalous low‐level cyclonic circulation is favourable for more TCs moving westward/northwestward and making landfall in China. The physical mechanism for the impact of PMM on large‐scale circulation over the WNP is verified by numerical experiments using the Community Atmospheric Model. The PMM index is demonstrated to be a crucial predictor for landfalling TC frequency in China in statistical seasonal prediction models.