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The climatology of small‐scale orographic precipitation over the Olympic Mountains: Patterns and processes
Author(s) -
Minder Justin R.,
Durran Dale R.,
Roe Gerard H.,
Anders Alison M.
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
quarterly journal of the royal meteorological society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.744
H-Index - 143
eISSN - 1477-870X
pISSN - 0035-9009
DOI - 10.1002/qj.258
Subject(s) - precipitation , mm5 , orography , mesoscale meteorology , orographic lift , climatology , ridge , storm , precipitation types , environmental science , spatial ecology , prevailing winds , geology , atmospheric sciences , meteorology , geography , paleontology , ecology , oceanography , biology
Abstract The climatology of small‐scale patterns of mountain precipitation is poorly constrained, yet important for applications ranging from natural hazard assessment to understanding the geologic evolution of mountain ranges. Synthesizing four rainy seasons of high‐resolution precipitation observations and mesoscale model output (from the Penn State/NCAR MM5), reveals a persistent small‐scale pattern of precipitation over the ∼10 km wide, ∼800 m high ridges and valleys of the western Olympic Mountains, Washington State, USA. This pattern is characterized by a 50–70% excess accumulation over the ridge crests relative to the adjacent valleys in the annual mean. While the model shows excellent skill in simulating these patterns at seasonal time‐scales, major errors exist for individual storms. Investigation of a range of storm events has revealed the following mechanism for the climatological pattern. Regions of enhanced condensation of cloud water are produced by ascent in stable flow over the windward slopes of major ridges. Synoptically generated precipitation grows by collection within these clouds, leading to enhanced precipitation which is advected by the prevailing winds. Instances of atypical patterns of precipitation suggest that under certain conditions (during periods with a low freezing level, or convective cells) fundamental changes in small‐scale patterns may occur. However, case‐studies and composite analysis suggest that departures from the pattern of ridge‐top enhancement are rare; the basic patterns and processes appear robust to changes in temperature, winds, and background rainfall rates. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society