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A review on the protective effects of naringenin against natural and chemical toxic agents
Author(s) -
Naraki Karim,
Rezaee Ramin,
Karimi Gholamreza
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
phytotherapy research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.019
H-Index - 129
eISSN - 1099-1573
pISSN - 0951-418X
DOI - 10.1002/ptr.7071
Subject(s) - naringenin , pharmacology , superoxide dismutase , oxidative stress , glutathione peroxidase , chemistry , glutathione , antioxidant , lactate dehydrogenase , lipid peroxidation , malondialdehyde , glutathione reductase , biochemistry , catalase , biology , flavonoid , enzyme
Naringenin (NRG), as a flavanone from flavonoids family, is widely found in grapefruit, lemon tomato, and Citrus fruits. NRG has shown strong anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities in body organs via mechanisms such as enhancement of glutathione S‐transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and catalase (CAT) activity, but reduction of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, NRG anti‐apoptotic potential was indicated to be mediated by regulating B‐cell lymphoma (Bcl‐2), Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax) and caspase3/9. Overall, these properties make NRG a highly fascinating compound with beneficial pharmacological effects. Based on the literature, NRG‐induced protective effects against toxicities produced by natural toxins, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and environmental chemicals, were mainly mediated via suppression of lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress (through boosting the antioxidant arsenal), and inflammatory factors (e.g., TNF‐α, interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐10, and IL‐12), and activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK survival signaling pathways. Despite considerable body of evidence on protective properties of NRG against a variety of toxic compounds, more well‐designed experimental studies and particularly, clinical trials are required before reaching a concrete conclusion. The present review discusses how NRG protects against the above‐noted toxic compounds.