Apoptotic Effect of Sanggenol L via Caspase Activation and Inhibition of NF‐κB Signaling in Ovarian Cancer Cells

In the present study, the underlying apoptotic mechanism of sanggenol L was elucidated in ovarian cancer cells. Sanggenol L showed cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect in A2780, SKOV‐3, and OVCAR‐3 ovarian cancer cells in a concentration‐dependent fashion. Consistently, sanggenol L increased sub‐G1 phase population and early and late apoptotic portion in ovarian cancer cells. Also, sanggenol L activated caspase9/3, suppressed the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 NF‐κB (nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells), attenuated the expression of Cyclin D1, and cleaved poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose ‐ribose) polymerase in SKOV‐3, A2780, and OVCAR‐3 cells. Furthermore, sanggenol L blocked nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and also attenuated the expression of NF‐κB related genes such as c‐Myc, Cyclin D1, and Bcl‐ X L, Bcl‐2, in lipopolysaccharide‐treated SKOV‐3 cells. Overall, our findings for the first time suggest that sanggenol L induces apoptosis via caspase activation and inhibition of NF‐κB/IκBα phosphorylation as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for ovarian cancers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.