Premium
Criticality of metal resources for functional materials used in electronics and microelectronics
Author(s) -
Reller Armin
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
physica status solidi (rrl) – rapid research letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.786
H-Index - 68
eISSN - 1862-6270
pISSN - 1862-6254
DOI - 10.1002/pssr.201105126
Subject(s) - microelectronics , scarcity , criticality , electronics , multitude , risk analysis (engineering) , order (exchange) , dependability , sustainable development , computer science , nanotechnology , environmental economics , biochemical engineering , business , engineering , materials science , economics , political science , physics , software engineering , finance , nuclear physics , law , electrical engineering , microeconomics
In microelectronic devices a multitude of essential, indispensable metals is functionalized. Many of these metals are scarce and rather often only mined as by‐products of base metals. For the industry but also for the development of new technologies this situation can evoke serious restrictions. In order to foresee, validate and minimize such risks a criticality concept is described. In this concept quantitative and qualitative criteria like scarcity, geo‐political restrictions, economic availability, efficiency, recyclability, potential dissipation, social and cultural factors, ecologic impacts, etc. are considered in order to define a reliable, sustainable and responsible implementation of strategic functional metals and materials into technical systems. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)