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High‐Resolution Auger Spectroscopy Applied to Metals and Alloys
Author(s) -
Kleiman G. G.
Publication year - 1995
Publication title -
physica status solidi (b)
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.51
H-Index - 109
eISSN - 1521-3951
pISSN - 0370-1972
DOI - 10.1002/pssb.2221920219
Subject(s) - auger , x ray photoelectron spectroscopy , spectral line , auger electron spectroscopy , spectroscopy , valence (chemistry) , electronic structure , electron spectroscopy , valence electron , atomic physics , metal , excited state , chemistry , materials science , electron , physics , computational chemistry , nuclear magnetic resonance , metallurgy , nuclear physics , quantum mechanics , organic chemistry
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is fundamentally a spectroscopy of excited states, so that the resulting information is complementary to that from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Consequently, high‐resolution AES has received a great deal of theoretical and experimental attention in recent years. In metals and their alloys, much of the interest has involved valence band spectra, which are explained in terms of the quasi‐atomic model of final‐state screening, especially in closed d‐shell metals, such as Cu and Ag. In open shell metals, such as Ni and Pd, however, the shapes of the valence band spectra are often ambiguous. Core level spectra, which might reduce uncertainties, are often complex and not readily interpretable. It is shown that the high‐energy LMM spectra of the 4d metals and their alloys are sufficiently simple in form and narrow to permit unambiguous comparisons with quasi‐atomic theories. The exploitation of the experimental systematics of the LMM Auger parameter elucidates screening mechanisms as well as the nature of d‐band holes and the extension of the analysis to the 3d and 5d metals indicates similar results. Application to metallic alloys clarifies the electronic structure changes; examples of Pd‐based alloys are presented. Consideration of the lineshapes of these spectra reveals a satellite structure which can, with considerable certainty, be identified with shake‐up processes associated with 4d‐band spectator vacancies.