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Annealing effects and generation of secondary phases in ZnO after high‐dose transition metal implantation
Author(s) -
Geurts J.,
Schumm M.,
Koerdel M.,
Ziereis C.,
Müller S.,
Ronning C.,
Dynowska E.,
Gołacki Z.,
Szuszkiewicz W.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
physica status solidi (b)
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.51
H-Index - 109
eISSN - 1521-3951
pISSN - 0370-1972
DOI - 10.1002/pssb.200983193
Subject(s) - annealing (glass) , stoichiometry , materials science , microstructure , transition metal , diffraction , oxide , thermal treatment , metal , chemical composition , analytical chemistry (journal) , x ray crystallography , chemical engineering , crystallography , metallurgy , chemistry , optics , biochemistry , physics , organic chemistry , chromatography , composite material , catalysis , engineering
ZnO crystals implanted with up to 16 at% Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, respectively, were studied with microRaman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. After stepwise thermal treatment of the samples in air up to 900 °C, we analyzed the influence of annealing on the formation of secondary phases and the evolution of their microstructure. After a considerable recovery of the radiation damaged ZnO lattice by treatment at 500 °C, the 700 °C step induces for transition metal (TM) concentrations ≥8 at% a strongly TM dependent formation of various stoichiometric and non‐stoichiometric TM oxide precipitates as well as elemental TM clusters. The annealing at 900 °C generally further modifies the amount as well as the chemical composition of the secondary phases.