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Low warfarin resistance frequency in Norway rats in two cities in China after 30 years of usage of anticoagulant rodenticides
Author(s) -
Ma Xiaohui,
Wang Dawei,
Li Ning,
Liu Lan,
Tian Lin,
Luo Chan,
Cong Lin,
Feng Zhiyong,
Liu XiaoHui,
Song Ying
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
pest management science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.296
H-Index - 125
eISSN - 1526-4998
pISSN - 1526-498X
DOI - 10.1002/ps.5040
Subject(s) - vitamin k epoxide reductase , vkorc1 , warfarin , anticoagulant , biology , rodenticide , toxicology , genetics , medicine , gene , genotype , cyp2c9 , atrial fibrillation
BACKGROUND Anticoagulant rodenticides have been widely used in rodent control in China for >30 years and resistant Norway rats have been reported. Mutations in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 ( Vkorc1 ) gene can cause anticoagulant resistance in rodents. In this study, we analyzed the Vkorc1 polymorphisms of 681 Norway rats collected in Zhanjiang and Harbin Cities in China from 2008 to 2015 and evaluated the warfarin resistance frequency. RESULTS Analysis revealed four mutations, including three not previously reported. Two new synonymous mutations, His68His and Leu105Leu, are not associated with warfarin resistance. One new nonsynonymous mutation, Ala140Thr, was found in Zhanjiang rat samples collected in 3 years with low frequencies (3.3–4.0%) and is probably associated with warfarin resistance. Laboratory resistance tests suggested low warfarin resistance frequencies in rats from Zhanjiang (4.9–17.1%) and Harbin (0–2.5%) Cities. CONCLUSIONS Both genetic analysis and laboratory resistance tests suggested low warfarin resistance frequencies in rats from Zhanjiang and Harbin Cities. The alternate usage of first‐generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs) and second‐generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) might represent an effective strategy against the development of warfarin resistance in Norway rats in China. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry