Open AccessStrategies to apply 3Rs in preclinical testing
Author(s) -
Gorzalczany Susana B.,
Rodriguez Basso Angeles G.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
pharmacology research and perspectives
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.975
H-Index - 27
ISSN - 2052-1707
DOI - 10.1002/prp2.863
Subject(s) - bioethics , preclinical testing , animal testing , risk analysis (engineering) , quality (philosophy) , computer science , preclinical research , animal welfare , management science , medical physics , medicine , engineering , biology , ecology , philosophy , genetics , epistemology
Abstract Animal experimentation has been fundamental in biological and biomedical research. To guarantee the maximum quality, efficacy and/or safety of products intended for the use in humans in vivo testing is necessary; however, for over 60 years, alternative methods have been developed in response to the necessity to reduce the number of animals used in experimentation, to guarantee their welfare; resorting to animal models only when strictly necessary. The three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), seek to ensure the rational and respectful use of laboratory animals and maintain an adequate projection in terms of bioethical considerations. This article describes different approaches to apply 3Rs in preclinical experimentation for either research or regulatory purposes.