Open AccessNanoparticle delivery system, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and testicular morphology: The role of stereology
Author(s) -
Naidu Edwin Coleridge S.,
Olojede Samuel Oluwaseun,
Lawal Sodiq Kolawole,
Rennie Carmen Olivia,
Azu Onyemaechi Okpara
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
pharmacology research and perspectives
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.975
H-Index - 27
ISSN - 2052-1707
DOI - 10.1002/prp2.776
Subject(s) - drug delivery , drug , antiretroviral agents , antiretroviral therapy , bioavailability , pharmacology , stereology , medicine , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , pharmacokinetics , targeted drug delivery , nanotechnology , immunology , pathology , materials science , viral load
The conjugation of nanoparticles (NPs) with antiretroviral drugs is a drug delivery approach with great potential for managing HIV infections. Despite their promise, recent studies have highlighted the toxic effects of nanoparticles on testicular tissue and their impact on sperm morphology. This review explores the role of stereological techniques in assessing the testicular morphology in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) when a nanoparticle drug delivery system is used. Also, NPs penetration and pharmacokinetics concerning the testicular tissue and blood–testis barrier form the vital part of this review. More so, various classes of NPs employed in biomedical and clinical research to deliver antiretroviral drugs were thoroughly discussed. In addition, considerations for minimizing nanoparticle‐drugs toxicity, ensuring enhanced permeability of nanoparticles, maximizing drug efficacy, ensuring adequate bioavailability, and formulation of HAART‐NPs fabrication are well discussed.