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Smoking and prostate cancer in a multi‐ethnic sample
Author(s) -
Murphy Adam B.,
Akereyeni Folasade,
Nyame Yaw A.,
Guy Migne C.,
Martin Iman K.,
Hollowell Courtney M. P.,
Walker Kelly,
Kittles Rick A.,
Ahaghotu Chiledum
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
the prostate
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.295
H-Index - 123
eISSN - 1097-0045
pISSN - 0270-4137
DOI - 10.1002/pros.22699
Subject(s) - medicine , prostate cancer , odds ratio , cancer , odds , population , incidence (geometry) , logistic regression , demography , gynecology , environmental health , physics , sociology , optics
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) and smoking‐related morbidity disproportionately burdens African American (AA) men. Smoking is associated with high‐grade PCa and incidence, but few studies have focused on AA men. This study aims to determine the effect of tobacco‐use on odds of PCa and of high‐grade PCa in a population of predominantly AA men. METHODS This is a cross‐sectional study evaluating smoking and PCa status in men with incident PCa and screened healthy controls. Altogether, 1,085 men (527 cases and 558 controls), age ≥ 40 years were enrolled through outpatient urology clinics in two US cities from 2001 to 2012. Validated questionnaires were used to gather clinical and socioeconomic data. RESULTS The cases and controls were predominantly AA (79.9% and 71.3%, respectively, P = 0.01). AA men smoked more frequently (53.4% vs. 47.9%, P < 0.001) and quit less frequently than European American (EA) men (31.5% vs. 40.4%, P = 0.01). AA heavy smokers had increased odds of PCa diagnosis (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.09, 6.10) and high‐grade cancer (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.03, 3.48) relative to never smokers and light smokers. Among AAs, heavy smokers had lower odds of being in the low risk stratification in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. AA former smokers had a trend for increased odds of high‐grade cancer compared to never smokers. The associations between smokings, cancer diagnosis and cancer grade did not reach statistical significance in EA men. CONCLUSION We found ethnic differences in smoking behavior. Heavy smoking is associated with increased odds of PCa and of higher Gleason grade in AA men. Prostate 73: 1518–1528, 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.