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Comparison of ACINUS, caspase‐3, and TUNEL as apoptotic markers in determination of tumor growth rates of clinically localized prostate cancer using image analysis
Author(s) -
Singh Swaroop S.,
Mehedint Diana C.,
Ford O. Harris,
Jeyaraj D. Antony,
Pop Elena A.,
Maygarden Susan J.,
Ivanova Anastasia,
Chandrasekhar Rameela,
Wilding Gregory E.,
Mohler James L.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
the prostate
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.295
H-Index - 123
eISSN - 1097-0045
pISSN - 0270-4137
DOI - 10.1002/pros.21019
Subject(s) - tunel assay , prostate cancer , acinus , apoptosis , prostate , cancer , medicine , pathology , caspase 3 , cancer research , immunohistochemistry , biology , programmed cell death , pancreas , biochemistry
BACKGROUND The balance between apoptotic and proliferative processes determines the enlargement of a tumor. Accurate measurement of apoptotic and proliferative rates from diagnostic prostate biopsies would allow calculation of tumor growth rates in a population‐based prostate cancer (CaP) study. Automated image analysis may be used if proliferation and apoptotic biomarkers provide clearly resolved immunostained images. METHODS Clinical CaP aggressiveness was assigned as low, intermediate or high using clinical criteria for 46 research subjects with newly diagnosed CaP. Diagnostic biopsy sections from the research subjects were dual‐labeled for proliferation biomarker, Ki‐67 and apoptotic biomarker, apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer in the nucleus (ACINUS). Apoptotic biomarkers, caspase‐3 and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) were labeled separately. Images from immunostained sections were analyzed using automated image analysis and tumor growth rates computed. Association between clinical CaP aggressiveness and tumor growth rates was explored. RESULTS Sixteen subjects had high, 17 had intermediate, and 13 had low clinical CaP aggressiveness. Positive immunostaining was localized to the nucleus for Ki‐67, ACINUS, and TUNEL. A statistically significant linear trend across clinical CaP aggressiveness categories was found when tumor growth rates were calculated using ACINUS ( P = 0.046). Logistic regression and ROC plots generated showed ACINUS (AUC = 0.677, P = 0.048) and caspase‐3 (AUC = 0.694, P = 0.038) to be better predictors than TUNEL (AUC = 0.669, P = 0.110). CONCLUSIONS ACINUS met the criteria for automated image analysis and for calculation of apoptotic rate. Tumor growth rates determined using automated image analysis should be evaluated for clinical prediction of CaP aggressiveness, treatment response, recurrence, and mortality. Prostate 69: 1603–1610, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.