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β‐Amyloid aggregation and heterogeneous nucleation
Author(s) -
Srivastava Atul K.,
Pittman Jay M.,
Zerweck Jonathan,
Venkata Bharat S.,
Moore Patrick C.,
Sachleben Joseph R.,
Meredith Stephen C.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
protein science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.353
H-Index - 175
eISSN - 1469-896X
pISSN - 0961-8368
DOI - 10.1002/pro.3674
Subject(s) - nucleation , chemistry , amyloid (mycology) , biophysics , homogeneous , divalent , protein aggregation , supersaturation , crystallography , biochemistry , biology , organic chemistry , inorganic chemistry , physics , thermodynamics
In this article, we consider the role of heterogeneous nucleation in β‐amyloid aggregation. Heterogeneous nucleation is more common and occurs at lower levels of supersaturation than homogeneous nucleation. The nucleation period is also the stage at which most of the polymorphism of amyloids arises, this being one of the defining features of amyloids. We focus on several well‐known heterogeneous nucleators of β‐amyloid, including lipid surfaces, especially those enriched in gangliosides and cholesterol, and divalent metal ions. These two broad classes of nucleators affect β‐amyloid particularly in light of the amphiphilicity of these peptides: the N‐terminal region, which is largely polar and charged, contains the metal binding site, whereas the C‐terminal region is aliphatic and is important in lipid binding. Notably, these two classes of nucleators can interact cooperatively, aggregation begetting greater aggregation.