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Can tetra‐ tert ‐butylethylene be formed by ion–ion recombination or ion–molecule reaction of two di‐ tert ‐butylcarbene units?—a DFT study
Author(s) -
Kanawati Basem,
Lenoir Dieter,
SchmittKopplin Philippe
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
journal of physical organic chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.325
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1099-1395
pISSN - 0894-3230
DOI - 10.1002/poc.1691
Subject(s) - chemistry , cyclopropane , natural bond orbital , carbene , radical ion , ion , sigma bond , molecule , basis set , hydrogen bond , proton , crystallography , computational chemistry , density functional theory , ring (chemistry) , catalysis , organic chemistry , physics , quantum mechanics
The reaction channels of di‐ tert ‐butylcarbene ( 2 ), its radical anion, ( 3 ) and its radical cation ( 4 ) were investigated theoretically by using DFT/B3LYP with 6‐31+G(d) basis set and 6‐311+G(2d,p) for single point energy calculations. Conversion of the neutral carbene 2 to the charged species 3 and 4 results in significant geometric changes. In cation 4 two different types of C(CH 3 ) 3 bonds are observed: one elongated sigma bond called “axial” with 1.61 Å and two normal sigma bonds with a bond length of 1.55 Å. Species 2 and 4 have an electron deficient carbon center; therefore, migration of CH 3 and H is observed from adjacent tert ‐butyl groups with low activation energies in the range of 6–9 kcal/mol like similar Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements in the neopentyl‐cation system. Neutral carbene 2 shows CH insertion to give a cyclopropane derivative with an activation energy of 6.1 kcal/mol in agreement with former calculations. Contrary to species 2 and 4 , the radical anion 3 has an electron rich carbon center which results in much higher calculated activation energies of 26.3 and 42.1 kcal/mol for H and CH 3 migrations, respectively. NBO charge distribution indicates that the hydrogen migrates as a proton. The central issue of this work is the question: how can tetra‐ tert ‐butylethylene ( 1 ) be prepared from reaction of either species 2 , 3 , or 4 as precursors? The ion–ion reaction between 3 and 4 to give alkene 1 with a calculated reaction enthalpy of 203.5 kcal/mol is extremely exothermic. This high energy decomposes alkene 1 after its formation into two molecules of carbene 2 spontaneously. Ion–molecule reaction of radical anion 3 with the neutral carbene 2 is a much better choice: via a proper oriented charge–transfer complex the radical anion of tetra‐ tert ‐butylethylene (11) is formed. The electron affinity of 1 was calculated to be negligible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.