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Winning the battle and losing the war: Examining the relation between grade retention and dropping out of high school
Author(s) -
Jimerson Shane R.,
Anderson Gabrielle E.,
Whipple Angela D.
Publication year - 2002
Publication title -
psychology in the schools
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.738
H-Index - 75
eISSN - 1520-6807
pISSN - 0033-3085
DOI - 10.1002/pits.10046
Subject(s) - psychology , dropout (neural networks) , grade retention , graduation (instrument) , battle , school dropout , mathematics education , developmental psychology , academic achievement , geometry , mathematics , archaeology , machine learning , socioeconomics , sociology , computer science , history
The aim of this investigation is to provide a comprehensive review of dropout research that examines grade retention within both associative and predictive models. A systematic review of seventeen studies examining dropping out of high school prior to graduation demonstrates that grade retention is one of the most powerful predictors of dropout status. The discussion addresses the discrepancies among the perspectives of many educational professionals regarding the effectiveness of grade retention and deleterious long‐term correlates. The transactional model of development is presented, which emphasizes developmental trajectories over time, in order to facilitate the interpretation of the association between grade retention and school withdrawal. Educational professionals, teachers, researchers, parents, and policymakers considering the efficacy of grade retention are encouraged to consider the implications of these findings. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.