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World‐record Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 ‐based thin‐film sub‐module with 17.4% efficiency
Author(s) -
Wallin Erik,
Malm Ulf,
Jarmar Tobias,
Edoff Olle Lundberg, Marika,
Stolt Lars
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
progress in photovoltaics: research and applications
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.286
H-Index - 131
eISSN - 1099-159X
pISSN - 1062-7995
DOI - 10.1002/pip.2246
Subject(s) - scalability , materials science , thin film , substrate (aquarium) , deposition (geology) , optoelectronics , characterization (materials science) , production efficiency , computer science , process engineering , nanotechnology , database , engineering , mechanical engineering , geology , paleontology , oceanography , sediment
We report a new certified world‐record efficiency for thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 ‐based photovoltaic sub‐modules of 17.4% (aperture area). The record efficiency of the 16 cm 2 , monolithically integrated, sub‐module has been independently confirmed by Fraunhofer ISE. The record device is the result of extensive co‐optimization of all processing steps. During the optimization process, strong focus has been put on the scalability of processes to cost‐effective mass production, as reflected, for example, in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 deposition time and substrate temperature. Device manufacturing as well as results of electrical and material characterization is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.