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Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Management of Androgen Deficiency in Men with Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, or Both
Author(s) -
Taylor Shawn Riser,
Meadowcraft Lindsy M.,
Williamson Bobbie
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
pharmacotherapy: the journal of human pharmacology and drug therapy
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.227
H-Index - 109
eISSN - 1875-9114
pISSN - 0277-0008
DOI - 10.1002/phar.1623
Subject(s) - medicine , metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes mellitus , insulin resistance , androgen deficiency , diabetes mellitus , pathophysiology , endocrinology , testosterone (patch) , waist , blood pressure , androgen , type 2 diabetes , obesity , hormone
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM ) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased in the United States over the past 40 years. These conditions, long linked with many cardiovascular complications, have recently been linked with androgen or testosterone deficiency in men. Several pathophysiologic hypotheses exist regarding this association, with the most widely reported a relationship to obesity and insulin resistance. Several randomized trials have confirmed that when testosterone replacement therapy is given to patients with T2 DM , MetS, or both, metabolic parameters such as waist circumference, hemoglobin A 1c , and systolic blood pressure are significantly reduced by up to 11 cm, 1.9%, and 23 mm Hg, respectively. This has not, however, resulted in improved cardiovascular outcomes, as evidenced in studies that found increased rates of cardiovascular events following testosterone replacement therapy. In this review, we summarize the relevant literature regarding the pathophysiology and management of androgen deficiency in men with T2 DM , MetS, or both.