Premium
Gonadal Suppressive and Cross‐Sex Hormone Therapy for Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults
Author(s) -
Smith Katherine P.,
Madison Christina M.,
Milne Nikki M.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
pharmacotherapy: the journal of human pharmacology and drug therapy
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.227
H-Index - 109
eISSN - 1875-9114
pISSN - 0277-0008
DOI - 10.1002/phar.1487
Subject(s) - gender dysphoria , transsexual , hormone therapy , testosterone (patch) , psychology , medicine , dysphoria , hormone replacement therapy (female to male) , endocrinology , breast cancer , transgender , anxiety , psychiatry , cancer , psychoanalysis
Individuals with gender dysphoria experience distress associated with incongruence between their biologic sex and their identified gender. Gender dysphoric natal males receive treatment with antiandrogens and estrogens to become feminized (transsexual females), whereas natal females with gender dysphoria receive treatment with androgens to become masculinized (transsexual males). Because of the permanence associated with cross‐sex hormone therapy ( CSHT ), adolescents diagnosed with gender dysphoria receive gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogs to suppress puberty. High rates of depression and suicide are linked to social marginalization and barriers to care. Behavior, emotional problems, depressive symptoms, and global functioning improve in adolescents receiving puberty suppression therapy. Gender dysphoria, psychological symptoms, quality of life, and sexual function improve in adults who receive CSHT . Within the first 6 months of CSHT , changes in transsexual females include breast growth, decreased testicular volume, and decreased spontaneous erections, and changes in transsexual males include cessation of menses, breast atrophy, clitoral enlargement, and voice deepening. Both transsexual females and males experience changes in body fat redistribution, muscle mass, and hair growth. Desired effects from CSHT can take between 3 and 5 years; however, effects that occur during puberty, such as voice deepening and skeletal structure changes, cannot be reversed with CSHT . Decreased sexual desire is a greater concern in transsexual females than in transsexual males, with testosterone concentrations linked to sexual desire in both. Regarding CSHT safety, bone mineral density is preserved with adequate hormone supplementation, but long‐term fracture risk has not been studied. The transition away from high‐dose traditional regimens is tied to a lower risk of venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular disease, but data quality is poor. Breast cancer has been reported in both transsexual males and females, but preliminary data suggest that CSHT does not increase the risk. Cancer screenings for individuals of both natal and transitioned sexes should occur as recommended. More long‐term studies are needed to ensure that CSHT regimens with the best outcomes can continue to be prescribed for the transsexual population.