Strategies to attenuate the competence regulon in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic respiratory human pathogen that poses a continuing threat to human health. Natural competence for genetic transformation in S. pneumoniae plays an important role in aiding pathogenicity and it is the best‐characterized feature to acquire antimicrobial resistance genes by a frequent process of recombination. In S. pneumoniae , competence, along with virulence factor production, is controlled by a cell‐density communication mechanism termed the competence regulon. In this review, we present the recent advances in the development of alternative methods to attenuate the pathogenicity of S. pneumoniae by targeting the various stages of the non‐essential competence regulon communication system. We mainly focus on new developments related to competitively intercepting the competence regulon signaling through the introduction of promising dominant‐negative Competence Stimulating Peptide (CSP) scaffolds. We also discuss recent reports on antibiotics that can block CSP export by disturbing the proton motive force across the membrane and various ways to control the pneumococcal pathogenicity by activating the counter signaling circuit and targeting the pneumococcal proteome.