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Three‐dimensional ultrasound and maternal bonding, a third trimester study and a review
Author(s) -
JongPleij E. A. P.,
Ribbert L. S. M.,
Pistorius L. R.,
Tromp E.,
Mulder E. J. H.,
Bilardo C. M.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
prenatal diagnosis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.956
H-Index - 97
eISSN - 1097-0223
pISSN - 0197-3851
DOI - 10.1002/pd.4013
Subject(s) - third trimester , medicine , anxiety , second trimester , pregnancy , visibility , ultrasound , fetus , perception , obstetrics , psychology , psychiatry , radiology , genetics , physics , neuroscience , optics , biology
Objective To compare the effect of third trimester three‐dimensional and four‐dimensional (3D/4D) versus two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound (US) of the fetal face on maternal bonding. Studies quantifying the psychological effect of 3D/4D US on mothers, pregnant of a fetus with no detectable abnormalities, were reviewed. Methods One hundred sixty Caucasian women attended a third trimester 3D/4D or 2D US examination. Women filled out the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS) 1 to 2 weeks before (MAAS1) and 1 to 2 weeks after (MAAS2) the US examination. Visibility, recognition and attractiveness were assessed. Results Within both US groups, the MAAS2 scores were significantly higher than the MAAS1 scores ( p < 0.0001). No differences in MAAS scores between the US groups emerged. Visibility and recognition were significantly positively related with the increase in MAAS scores ( p = 0.003 and p = 0.042) in the 3D/4D group. Of 13 psychological studies, eight studies evaluated bonding and found no difference between 3D/4D and 2D US. The effect of 3D/4D US on satisfaction or perception showed conflicting results, and on anxiety/stress, reduction was the same as after 2D US. Conclusions Bonding increases after either a 3D/4D or 2D US. The effect of 3D/4D US on bonding is stronger at better degrees of visibility and recognition. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.