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Determination of Volatile Flavour Profiles of Citrus spp. Fruits by SDE‐GC–MS and Enantiomeric Composition of Chiral Compounds by MDGC–MS
Author(s) -
Hong Joon Ho,
Khan Naeem,
Jamila Nargis,
Hong Young Shin,
Nho Eun Yeong,
Choi Ji Yeon,
Lee Cheong Mi,
Kim Kyong Su
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
phytochemical analysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.574
H-Index - 72
eISSN - 1099-1565
pISSN - 0958-0344
DOI - 10.1002/pca.2686
Subject(s) - sabinene , chemistry , camphene , limonene , gas chromatography–mass spectrometry , flavour , enantiomer , chromatography , essential oil , gas chromatography , mass spectrometry , food science , organic chemistry
Abstract Introduction Citrus fruits are known to have characteristic enantiomeric key compounds biosynthesised by highly stereoselective enzymatic mechanisms. In the past, evaluation of the enantiomeric ratios of chiral compounds in fruits has been applied as an effective indicator of adulteration by the addition of synthetic compounds or natural components of different botanical origin. Objective To analyse the volatile flavour compounds of Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka (yuzu), Citrus limon BURM. f. (lemon) and Citrus aurantifolia Christm. Swingle (lime), and determine the enantiomeric ratios of their chiral compounds for discrimination and authentication of extracted oils. Methodology Volatile flavour compounds of the fruits of the three Citrus species were extracted by simultaneous distillation extraction and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The enantiomeric composition (ee%) of chiral camphene, sabinene, limonene and β ‐phellandrene was analysed by heart‐cutting multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results Sixty‐seven ( C. junos ), 77 ( C. limon ) and 110 ( C. aurantifolia ) volatile compounds were identified with limonene, γ ‐terpinene and linalool as the major compounds. Stereochemical analysis (ee%) revealed 1 S ,4 R ‐(−) camphene (94.74, 98.67, 98.82), R ‐(+)‐limonene (90.53, 92.97, 99.85) and S ‐(+)‐ β ‐phellandrene (98.69, 97.15, 92.13) in oil samples from all three species; R ‐(+)‐sabinene (88.08) in C. junos ; and S ‐(−)‐sabinene (81.99, 79.74) in C. limon and C. aurantifolia , respectively. Conclusion The enantiomeric composition and excess ratios of the chiral compounds could be used as reliable indicators of genuineness and quality assurance of the oils derived from the Citrus fruit species. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.