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Metabolic Fingerprinting of Tussilago farfara L. Using 1 H‐NMR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis
Author(s) -
Zhi HaiJuan,
Qin XueMei,
Sun HaiFeng,
Zhang LiZeng,
Guo XiaoQing,
Li ZhenYu
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
phytochemical analysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.574
H-Index - 72
eISSN - 1099-1565
pISSN - 0958-0344
DOI - 10.1002/pca.2346
Subject(s) - chemistry , metabolomics , metabolome , nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy , chromatography , partial least squares regression , principal component analysis , botany , stereochemistry , biology , artificial intelligence , computer science , statistics , mathematics
The flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. is widely used for the treatment of coughs, bronchitis and asthmatic disorders in traditional Chinese medicine. In Europe, the plant has been used as herbal remedies for virtually the same applications, but the leaves are preferred over flowers. Objective To systematically evaluate the chemical profiles of Tusssilago farfara leaves and flowers along with the identification of the polar and non‐polar metabolites. Methodology Metabolic profiling carried out by means of 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis was applied to crude extracts from flowers and leaves. Metabolites were identified directly from the crude extracts through one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional NMR spectra. Results A broad range of metabolites were detected without any chromatographic separation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) of 1 H‐NMR data provided a clear separation between the samples. The corresponding loadings plot indicated that higher levels of phenylpropanoids, amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids, as well as lower levels of sugars, terpenoids and sterols were present in the leaves, as compared with flowers. For the flowers, more phenylpropanoids were present in fully open flowers, while more sugars and fatty acids were present in flower buds. Conclusion NMR spectra (one‐ and two‐dimensional) are useful for identifying metabolites, especially for the overlapped signals. The NMR‐based metabolomics approach has great potential for chemical comparison study of the metabolome of herbal drugs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.