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Toll‐like receptor signalling in regenerative myogenesis: friend and foe
Author(s) -
Hindi Sajedah M,
Kumar Ashok
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
the journal of pathology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.964
H-Index - 184
eISSN - 1096-9896
pISSN - 0022-3417
DOI - 10.1002/path.4714
Subject(s) - myogenesis , skeletal muscle , regeneration (biology) , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , inflammation , progenitor cell , myocyte , immunology , toll like receptor , phenotype , innate immune system , macrophage , immune system , stem cell , anatomy , genetics , in vitro , gene
Skeletal muscle regeneration in normal and diseased muscle is regulated by multiple factors and cells present in the injured muscle micro‐environment. In addition to muscle progenitor cells, several immunocytes participate in the regenerative response. Among them, macrophages are one of the most important components of the immune response that governs the step‐wise progression of muscle regeneration. The initial role of macrophages is to phagocytose muscle cell debris and later, through their transition to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype, they promote regeneration. However, in several genetic muscle disorders, continuous muscle injury disrupts the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory macrophages, leading to an overall inflammatory milieu and inhibition of muscle regeneration. Accumulating evidence suggests that Toll‐like receptor ( TLR )‐mediated signalling plays an important role in the regulation of macrophage phenotypes during regenerative myogenesis in response to both acute and chronic muscle injury. Here, we discuss the role of TLR signalling in regulating macrophage phenotypes and skeletal muscle regeneration in healthy and diseased muscle. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.