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Adipose Tissue Macrophage Phenotypes and Characteristics: The Key to Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Metabolic Disorders
Author(s) -
Ni Yinhua,
Ni Liyang,
Zhuge Fen,
Xu Liang,
Fu Zhengwei,
Ota Tsuguhito
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
obesity
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.438
H-Index - 199
eISSN - 1930-739X
pISSN - 1930-7381
DOI - 10.1002/oby.22674
Subject(s) - insulin resistance , adipose tissue , obesity , medicine , type 2 diabetes , nonalcoholic fatty liver disease , diabetes mellitus , inflammation , chemokine , macrophage polarization , context (archaeology) , bioinformatics , endocrinology , macrophage , fatty liver , disease , biology , paleontology , biochemistry , in vitro
Obesity is one of the most serious global health problems, with an incidence that increases yearly and coincides with the development of a variety of associated comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, some immune‐related disorders). Although many studies have investigated the pathogenesis of overweight and obesity, multiple regulatory factors underlying the onset of obesity‐related metabolic disorders remain elusive. Macrophages contribute to modulation of obesity‐related inflammation and insulin resistance (IR); adipose tissue macrophages are particularly important in this context. Based on newly identified links between the chemokine system and obesity, macrophage polarization has become an essential target of new therapies for obesity‐related IR. The findings of multiple studies imply that variations in gut microbiota and its metabolites might contribute to the regulation of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recently, several novel antidiabetic drugs, applied as treatment for weight loss, were shown to be effective for obesity‐induced IR and other comorbidities. The present review will discuss the properties and functions of macrophages in adipose tissue under conditions of obesity from three perspectives: the chemokine system, the gut microbiota, and antidiabetic drug application. It is proposed that macrophages might be a key therapeutic target for obesity‐induced complications.