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Depressive symptoms are associated with visceral adiposity in a community‐based sample of middle‐aged women and men
Author(s) -
Murabito Joanne M.,
Massaro Joseph M.,
Clifford Brian,
Hoffmann Udo,
Fox Caroline S.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
obesity
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.438
H-Index - 199
eISSN - 1930-739X
pISSN - 1930-7381
DOI - 10.1002/oby.20130
Subject(s) - medicine , body mass index , menopause , depression (economics) , obesity , demography , diabetes mellitus , odds ratio , center for epidemiologic studies depression scale , endocrinology , depressive symptoms , sociology , economics , macroeconomics
Objective To examine the relation between measures of adiposity and depressive symptoms in a large well characterized community‐based sample, we examined the relations of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to depressive symptoms in 1,581 women (mean age 52.2 years) and 1,718 men (mean age 49.8 years) in the Framingham Heart Study. Design and Methods Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale. Regression models were created to examine the association between each fat depot (exposure) and depressive symptoms (outcome). Sex‐specific models were adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, total and HDL cholesterol, lipid lowering treatment, CVD, menopause, C‐reactive protein, and physical activity. Results Mean CES‐D scores were 6.8 and 5.6 in women and men. High levels of depressive symptoms were present in 22.5% of women and 12.3% of men. In women, one standard deviation increase in VAT was associated with a 1.3 point higher CES‐D score after adjusting for age and BMI ( P < 0.01) and remained significant in the fully adjusted model ( P = 0.03). The odds ratio of depressive symptoms per 1 standard deviation increase in VAT in women was 1.33 ( P = 0.015); results were attenuated in fully adjusted models (OR 1.29, P = 0.055). In men, the association between VAT and CES‐D score and depressive symptoms was not significant. SAT was not associated with CES‐D score or depressive symptoms. Conclusions This study supports an association between VAT and depressive symptoms in women. Further work is needed to uncover the complex biologic mechanisms mediating the association.