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Cigarette smoking: Evidence to guide measurement
Author(s) -
Stevens Kathleen R.,
Muñoz Laura R.
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
research in nursing and health
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.836
H-Index - 85
eISSN - 1098-240X
pISSN - 0160-6891
DOI - 10.1002/nur.20024
Subject(s) - cotinine , smoking cessation , nicotine , abstinence , medicine , biomarker , psychological intervention , environmental health , nicotine dependence , clinical psychology , psychiatry , pathology , biochemistry , chemistry
Smoking cessation programs measure outcomes in terms of abstinence from or reduction in smoking. These outcomes can be measured through self‐report by the smoker, through measurement with a biological marker of smoking, or through a combination of both. Consideration of the relative advantages of self‐report and biomarker approaches is important in the selection of measurement strategies to evaluate outcomes in smoking cessation interventions. In this article both ways of measuring smoking behavior, self‐report and biomarkers of carbon monoxide, cotinine, nicotine, thiocyanate, and alkaloids of nicotine, are explored. Measurement approaches are discussed in light of research evidence and their physiologic bases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 27:281–292, 2004