Measurement of parenchymal extravascular R 2 * and tissue oxygen extraction fraction using multi‐echo vascular space occupancy MRI at 7 T

Parenchymal extravascular R 2 * is an important parameter for quantitative blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) studies. Total and intravascular R 2 * values and changes in R 2 * values during functional stimulations have been reported in a number of studies. The purpose of this study was to measure absolute extravascular R 2 * values in human visual cortex and to estimate the intra‐ and extravascular contributions to the BOLD effect at 7 T. Vascular space occupancy (VASO) MRI was employed to separate out the extravascular tissue signal. Multi‐echo VASO and BOLD functional MRI (fMRI) with visual stimulation were performed at 7 T for R 2 * measurement at a spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm 3 in healthy volunteers ( n  = 6). The ratio of changes in extravascular and total R 2 * (Δ R 2 *) was used to estimate the extravascular fraction of the BOLD effect. Extravascular R 2 * values were found to be 44.66 ± 1.55 and 43.38 ± 1.51 s –1 (mean ± standard error of the mean, n  = 6) at rest and activation, respectively, in human visual cortex at 7 T. The extravascular BOLD fraction was estimated to be 91 ± 3%. The parenchymal oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) during activation was estimated to be 0.24 ± 0.01 based on the R 2 * measurements, indicating an approximately 37% decrease compared with OEF at rest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.