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Technical considerations on the validity of blood oxygenation level‐dependent‐based MR assessment of vascular deoxygenation
Author(s) -
Hirsch Nuria M.,
Toth Vivien,
Förschler Annette,
Kooijman Hendrik,
Zimmer Claus,
Preibisch Christine
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
nmr in biomedicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.278
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1099-1492
pISSN - 0952-3480
DOI - 10.1002/nbm.3131
Subject(s) - nuclear medicine , white matter , nuclear magnetic resonance , oxygenation , quantitative susceptibility mapping , reproducibility , deoxygenation , cerebral blood volume , cerebral blood flow , chemistry , magnetic resonance imaging , medicine , cardiology , radiology , physics , chromatography , biochemistry , catalysis
A blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD)‐based apparent relative oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) as a semi‐quantitative marker of vascular deoxygenation has recently been introduced in clinical studies of patients with glioma and stroke, yielding promising results. These rOEF measurements are based on independent quantification of the transverse relaxation times T 2 and T 2 * and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). Simulations demonstrate that small errors in any of the underlying measures may result in a large deviation of the calculated rOEF. Therefore, we investigated the validity of such measurements. For this, we evaluated the quantitative measurements of T 2 and T 2 * at 3 T in a gel phantom, in healthy subjects and in healthy tissue of patients with brain tumors. We calculated rOEF maps covering large portions of the brain from T 2 , T 2 * and rCBV [routinely measured in patients using dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)], and obtained rOEF values of 0.63 ± 0.16 and 0.90 ± 0.21 in healthy‐appearing gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), respectively; values of about 0.4 are usually reported. Quantitative T 2 mapping using the fast, clinically feasible, multi‐echo gradient spin echo (GRASE) approach yields significantly higher values than much slower multiple single spin echo (SE) experiments. Although T 2 * mapping is reliable in magnetically homogeneous tissues, uncorrectable macroscopic background gradients and other effects (e.g. iron deposition) shorten T 2 *. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) measurement using DSC and normalization to WM yields robust estimates of rCBV in healthy‐appearing brain tissue; absolute quantification of the venous fraction of CBV, however, is difficult to achieve. Our study demonstrates that quantitative measurements of rOEF are currently biased by inherent difficulties in T 2 and CBV quantification, but also by inadequacies of the underlying model. We argue, however, that standardized, reproducible measurements of apparent T 2 , T 2 * and rCBV may still allow the estimation of a meaningful apparent rOEF, which requires further validation in clinical studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.