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Assessment of tumor necrotic fraction by dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI: a preclinical study of human tumor xenografts with histopathologic correlation
Author(s) -
Koh Tong San,
Thng Choon Hua,
Hartono Septian,
Dominguez Lourdes T. M.,
Lim Tony K. H.,
Huynh Hung,
Martarello Laurent,
Ng Quan Sing
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
nmr in biomedicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.278
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1099-1492
pISSN - 0952-3480
DOI - 10.1002/nbm.3090
Subject(s) - voxel , in vivo , gadolinium , nuclear medicine , magnetic resonance imaging , contrast (vision) , medicine , pathology , histology , dynamic contrast enhanced mri , correlation , chemistry , biology , radiology , geometry , microbiology and biotechnology , mathematics , organic chemistry , artificial intelligence , computer science
Contrary to the common notion that tumor necrotic regions are non‐enhancing after contrast administration, recent evidence has shown that necrotic regions exhibit delayed and slow uptake of gadolinium tracer on dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE MRI). The purpose of this study is to explore whether the mapping of tumor voxels with delayed and slow enhancement on DCE MRI can be used to derive estimates of tumor necrotic fraction. Patient‐derived tumor xenograft lines of seven human cancers were implanted in 26 mice which were subjected to DCE MRI performed using a spoiled gradient recalled sequence. Gadolinium tracer concentration was estimated using the variable flip angle technique. To identify tumor voxels exhibiting delayed and slow uptake of contrast medium, clustering analysis was performed using a k ‐means clustering algorithm that classified tumor voxels according to their contrast enhancement patterns. Comparison of the percentage of tumor voxels exhibiting delayed and slow enhancement with the tumor necrotic fraction estimated on histology showed a strong correlation ( r = 0.962, p < 0.001). The mapping of tumor regions with delayed and slow contrast uptake on DCE MRI correlated strongly with tumor necrotic fraction, and can potentially serve as a non‐invasive imaging surrogate for the in vivo assessment of necrotic fraction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.