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Relaxivity of gadolinium complexes detected by atomic magnetometry
Author(s) -
Michalak David J.,
Xu Shoujun,
Lowery Thomas J.,
Crawford C. W.,
Ledbetter Micah,
Bouchard LouisS.,
Wemmer David E.,
Budker Dmitry,
Pines Alexander
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
magnetic resonance in medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.696
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1522-2594
pISSN - 0740-3194
DOI - 10.1002/mrm.22811
Subject(s) - gadolinium , magnetometer , detection limit , magnetic field , nuclear magnetic resonance , analytical chemistry (journal) , materials science , aqueous solution , field (mathematics) , chemistry , physics , chromatography , mathematics , quantum mechanics , pure mathematics , metallurgy
Laser atomic magnetometry is a portable and low‐cost yet highly sensitive method for low magnetic field detection. In this work, the atomic magnetometer was used in a remote‐detection geometry to measure the relaxivity of aqueous gadolinium‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid Gd(DTPA) at the Earth's magnetic field (40 μT). The measured relaxivity of 9.7 ± 2.0 s −1 mM −1 is consistent with field‐cycling experiments measured at slightly higher magnetic fields, but no cryogens or strong and homogeneous magnetic field were required for this experiment. The field‐independent sensitivity of 80 fT Hz –1/2 allowed an in vitro detection limit of ∼ 10 μM Gd(DTPA) to be measured in aqueous buffer solution. The low detection limit and enhanced relaxivity of Gd‐containing complexes at Earth's field motivate continued development of atomic magnetometry toward medical applications. Magn Reson Med 66:603–606, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.