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On the steady‐state properties of actual flip angle imaging (AFI)
Author(s) -
Nehrke Kay
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
magnetic resonance in medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.696
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1522-2594
pISSN - 0740-3194
DOI - 10.1002/mrm.21592
Subject(s) - flip angle , imaging phantom , steady state (chemistry) , range (aeronautics) , diffusion , sequence (biology) , function (biology) , work (physics) , physics , sensitivity (control systems) , transverse plane , optics , nuclear magnetic resonance , phase (matter) , computational physics , materials science , magnetic resonance imaging , chemistry , electronic engineering , medicine , biochemistry , structural engineering , quantum mechanics , evolutionary biology , biology , composite material , radiology , engineering , thermodynamics
AFI (actual flip angle imaging) represents an interesting approach to map the B 1 transmit fields by measuring the spatial variations of the effective flip angle. However, the accuracy of the technique relies on the adequate spoiling of transverse magnetization. In the present work configuration theory was employed to develop a proper RF and gradient spoiling scheme for the AFI technique, making the sequence robust against off‐resonance without the need of large spoiling gradients. Furthermore, numerical simulations were performed to predict the steady‐state signals and, hence, the accuracy of the AFI technique as a function of the sequence and tissue parameters. It is shown that the spoiling properties of the sequence are mainly defined by the phase shift increment ϕ of the RF pulses and the diffusion sensitivity resulting from the unbalanced gradients of the sequence. Adequate spoiling may be achieved for a reasonable range of tissue parameters and flip angles for moderate spoiling gradients if a favorable value for ϕ is chosen. Phantom and in vivo head imaging experiments show an excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, indicating that the proper operating range of the approach may be reliably predicted by the theory. Magn Reson Med 61:84–92, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.