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Source of nonlinearity in echo‐time‐dependent BOLD fMRI
Author(s) -
Jin Tao,
Wang Ping,
Tasker Michelle,
Zhao Fuqiang,
Kim SeongGi
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
magnetic resonance in medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.696
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1522-2594
pISSN - 0740-3194
DOI - 10.1002/mrm.20918
Subject(s) - echo (communications protocol) , nuclear magnetic resonance , functional magnetic resonance imaging , nonlinear system , echo time , computer science , physics , neuroscience , magnetic resonance imaging , psychology , medicine , radiology , computer network , quantum mechanics
Abstract Stimulation‐induced changes in transverse relaxation rates can provide important insight into underlying physiological changes in blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) contrast. It is often assumed that BOLD fractional signal change (Δ S / S ) is linearly dependent on echo time (TE). This relationship was evaluated at 9.4 T during visual stimulation in cats with gradient‐echo (GE) and spin‐echo (SE) echo‐planar imaging (EPI). The TE dependence of GE Δ S / S is close to linear in both the parenchyma and large vessel area at the cortical surface for TEs of 6–20 ms. However, this dependence is nonlinear for SE studies in the TE range of 16–70 ms unless a diffusion‐weighting of b = 200 s/mm 2 is applied. This behavior is not caused by inflow effects, T 2 * decay during data acquisition in SE‐EPI, or extravascular spin density changes. Our results are explained by a two‐compartment model in which the extravascular contribution to Δ S / S vs. TE is linear, while the intravascular contribution can be nonlinear depending on the magnetic field strength and TE. At 9.4 T, the large‐vessel IV signal can be minimized by using long TE and/or moderate diffusion weighting. Thus, stimulation‐induced relaxation rate changes should be carefully determined, and their physiological meanings should be interpreted with caution. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.