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Concomitant magnetic‐field‐induced artifacts in axial echo planar imaging
Author(s) -
Zhou Xiaohong Joe,
Du Yiping P.,
Bernstein Matt A.,
Reynolds H. Glenn,
Maier Joseph K.,
Polzin Jason A.
Publication year - 1998
Publication title -
magnetic resonance in medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.696
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1522-2594
pISSN - 0740-3194
DOI - 10.1002/mrm.1910390413
Subject(s) - isocenter , magnetic field , physics , planar , optics , scanner , offset (computer science) , solenoid , intensity (physics) , nuclear magnetic resonance , computer science , imaging phantom , computer graphics (images) , quantum mechanics , programming language
When a linear magnetic field gradient is used, spatially higher‐order magnetic fields are produced to satisfy the Maxwell equations. It has been observed that the higher‐order magnetic field produced by the readout gradient causes axial echo planar images acquired with a horizontal solenoid magnet to shift along the phase‐encoding direction and lose image intensities. Both the shift and intensity reduction become increasingly severe as the slice offset from the isocenter increases. These phenomena are quantitatively analyzed, and good correlation between experiments and theory has been established. The analysis also predicts a previously unre‐ported Nyquist ghost on images with very large slice offsets. This ghost has been verified with computer simulations. Based on the analysis, several methods have been developed to eliminate the image shift, the intensity reduction, and the ghost. Selected methods have been implemented on a commercial scanner and proved effective in removing these image artifacts.