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Quantitative lactate‐specific MR imaging and 1 H spectroscopy of skeletal muscle at macroscopic and microscopic resolutions using a zero‐quantum/double‐quantum coherence filter and SLIM/GSLIM localization
Author(s) -
Kmiecik Joseph A.,
Gregory Carl D.,
Liang ZhiPei,
Hrad Daniel E.,
Lauterbur Paul C.,
Dawson M. Joan
Publication year - 1997
Publication title -
magnetic resonance in medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.696
H-Index - 225
eISSN - 1522-2594
pISSN - 0740-3194
DOI - 10.1002/mrm.1910370607
Subject(s) - coherence (philosophical gambling strategy) , physics , nuclear magnetic resonance , creatine , spectroscopy , spectral line , chemistry , materials science , biochemistry , quantum mechanics
Quantitative lactate imaging and spectroscopy were performed on phantoms and on electrically stimulated, excised frog skeletal muscle at macroscopic and microscopic resolutions. Lactate selectivity was achieved by use of a zero‐quantum/double‐quantum coherence (ZQC/DQC) lactate filter, which suppressed all signals besides lactate, including water and lipid, to below noise level. Three‐dimensional lactate data sets were acquired in 1–3 h; one of these spatial dimensions was frequency‐encoded and the other two were phase‐encoded. High‐resolution images were reconstructed using the spectral localization by imaging (SLIM) and generalized SLIM (GSLIM) techniques. Lactate quantitation was achieved by employing an external lactate concentration standard and was verified by comparison to quantitative STEAM‐localized and nonlocalized spectra that used total creatine as an internal concentration reference. Additionally, quantitatively accurate behavior of the SLIM and GSLIM techniques as applied to data sets of low signal‐to‐noise ratio and to macroscopically heterogeneous objects was verified using simulations and real muscle lactate data sets with known heterogeneity.